Defination: - Thermodynamics is the study of mutual conversions of heat energy and other forms of energies, its conditions and necessary devices.
Thermodynamic system is a part of the universe under thermodynamic study which can be one, two or three dimensional and may consist of one or more objects called components of the system. A system may be made up of radiation or radiation may be one of the components of the system. Remaining part of the universe surrounding the system and interacting with it is known as its environment. The boundary separating the system and its environment is called wall of the system. The type of interactions between the system and its
environment depends on the nature of its wall.
The thermodynamic equilibrium state of a gas is decided by its pressure, volume, temperature and quantity, not all of which are independent. These are called thermodynamic or state variables. The mathematical equation of state gives the relations between these variables, e.g., PV = μRT is the equation of state of an ideal gas.
TYPES OF THERMODYNAMICS: - It has two types which are (1) Extensive variables which depend upon the dimension of the system, e.g. mass, volume, internal energy.
(2) Intensive varialbes which are independent of the dimensions of the system, e.g. temperature
Measurement of temperature: - A thermometer can be prepared using a thermometric substance having the numerical value of its thermal property changing in a definite manner with different thermal equilibrium states.
The magnitude of this thermometric property can be related to the numerical value of the temperature, e.g., length of a rod, resistance of a wire, pressure of a gas at constant value or its volume at constant pressure. For this it is necessary to know the type of relationship between the thermosensitive property to be used and temperature and select the most reliable thermal property of a thermometric substance which can form the basis of universal scale of temperature.
Thermodynamic system is a part of the universe under thermodynamic study which can be one, two or three dimensional and may consist of one or more objects called components of the system. A system may be made up of radiation or radiation may be one of the components of the system. Remaining part of the universe surrounding the system and interacting with it is known as its environment. The boundary separating the system and its environment is called wall of the system. The type of interactions between the system and its
environment depends on the nature of its wall.
The thermodynamic equilibrium state of a gas is decided by its pressure, volume, temperature and quantity, not all of which are independent. These are called thermodynamic or state variables. The mathematical equation of state gives the relations between these variables, e.g., PV = μRT is the equation of state of an ideal gas.
TYPES OF THERMODYNAMICS: - It has two types which are (1) Extensive variables which depend upon the dimension of the system, e.g. mass, volume, internal energy.
(2) Intensive varialbes which are independent of the dimensions of the system, e.g. temperature
Measurement of temperature: - A thermometer can be prepared using a thermometric substance having the numerical value of its thermal property changing in a definite manner with different thermal equilibrium states.
The magnitude of this thermometric property can be related to the numerical value of the temperature, e.g., length of a rod, resistance of a wire, pressure of a gas at constant value or its volume at constant pressure. For this it is necessary to know the type of relationship between the thermosensitive property to be used and temperature and select the most reliable thermal property of a thermometric substance which can form the basis of universal scale of temperature.
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